Moving money across borders shouldn't feel like deciphering code. When you send an international payment, your funds are routed through one of three main networks: SWIFT, SEPA, or a Local Transfer network. Choosing the wrong one can mean the difference between a €3 flat fee and a €50 surprise bill from an intermediary bank.

We sat down with CurrencyFair’s FX Treasury Manager, Carl O’Gorman, to get some insight and advice on the best way to send money internationally.

At-A-Glance: SWIFT vs. SEPA vs. Local

Understanding the Networks: A Glossary

What is a SWIFT Transfer?

• The Definition: Think of SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) as the aviation network for global finance. It doesn’t actually move physical cash; instead, it sends highly secure payment orders through a global network of banks.
• The Persona Friction: If you are a high-value mover transferring a deposit for a French farmhouse or an SME paying a supplier in China, your money will likely travel via SWIFT. Because it passes through multiple "stopover" banks, it is often the slowest and most expensive method.

What is a SEPA Transfer?

• The Definition: SEPA stands for Single Euro Payments Area. It was created to make cross-border Euro transfers within Europe as fast, simple, and cheap as a regular domestic bank transfer.
• The Persona Friction: Excellent for expats receiving a UK state pension while living in Spain or France. However, it only applies to Euro transactions within the designated SEPA zone.

What are Local Transfers?

• The Definition: These are domestic payment clearing systems unique to a single country, such as ACH in the US, Faster Payments in the UK, or EFT in Australia.
• The CurrencyFair Advantage: This is where fintech bypasses traditional bank layouts. When you send money with CurrencyFair, you usually send a cheap Local Transfer to our local account in your home country. We then pay out a Local Transfer from our account in your destination country, allowing you to avoid expensive international wire transfer fees completely.

Benefits and Drawbacks of the Networks

At A Glance:

Deeper Dive:

SWIFT Transfers

Advantages

• True Global Coverage: It is the only network capable of securely routing non-Euro currencies across almost any border worldwide.

• Built for Significant Transactions: It remains the foundational plumbing for moving large lump sums for high-stakes life events, such as a property deposit or a substantial inheritance payout.

Drawbacks

• The Intermediary "Tax": Because money travels through multiple partner banks before reaching its final destination, those middle-man institutions deduct handling fees without warning.
• The Exchange Rate Trap: Traditional banks use SWIFT's global reach to hide heavy markups on the exchange rate spread, which can quietly cost you thousands on a large transfer.
• Compliance Friction: Due to the multiple layers of banking involved, automated filters are overly aggressive, leading to stressful account freezes as banks verify your source of wealth.

SEPA Transfers (Eurozone Only)

Advantages

• Direct and Predictable: Transactions within Europe are treated exactly like local domestic payments, ensuring swift, next-day delivery to your account.

• Zero Middle-Man Fees: Unlike SWIFT, third-party intermediary banks cannot step in and take a bite out of your principal amount while it is in transit.
• Ideal for Expat Life: It provides complete peace of mind for automated, recurring European lifestyle costs, such as monthly pension repatriation or holiday home upkeep.

Drawbacks

• Rigid Currency Borders: If your transaction involves pounds, dollars, or any currency other than Euros, the SEPA highway is completely closed to you.

• Layout Adjustments: When international platforms route your money through regional European intermediary hubs, changing IBAN details can occasionally trigger unneeded scam anxiety for customers who fear phishing.

Local Transfers

Advantages

• Bypasses the International Grid: Local clearing networks (like ACH in the US or Faster Payments in the UK) keep your money domestic.
• The Bedrock of Clever Fintech: Platforms like CurrencyFair use these networks to protect you. By funding your transfer locally and receiving it locally on the other side, you avoid international wire fees.

• Unmatched Domestic Speed: Payments are processed near-instantly or within a few hours, so your funds are never left in limbo for days.

Drawbacks

• Geographically Isolated: A local network cannot cross an ocean on its own; it requires a digital currency partner with local bank accounts in both regions to bridge the gap.

• Automated Bank Warnings: Because you are technically paying a localized authorized partner rather than an overseas account, traditional banking apps may flag the transaction with terrifying fraud warnings. This trigger causes initial panic for consumers, even though the process is fully regulated and secure.
• Strict Initial Onboarding: To access these clean domestic clearings safely, you must complete rigorous identity verification and anti-money-laundering documentation up front, which can feel like high-friction paperwork for new users.

Expert View: Meet Carl O’Gorman

Our FX Treasury Manager, Carl O’Gorman, breaks down the hidden mechanics of these payment networks and how they directly impact your transfer costs.

What is the difference between a SWIFT Code and a SEPA Transfer?

• The core distinction: A SWIFT code (also known as a BIC) is an address. It tells the financial world exactly which bank branch your money needs to be deposited into.
• The interaction: You actually use a SWIFT code to execute an international money transfer. Conversely, a SEPA transfer is the highway itself. You still need an address (an IBAN) to send a SEPA transfer, but the entire process operates under a uniform, low-cost European framework.

The Best Use Cases Matrix: SWIFT vs. SEPA vs. Local

Make Your First Money Transfer With CurrencyFair Today

With fast transfers and bank-beating exchange rates available across multiple currencies, make sure to open your personal or business account today.